The Condition of payment form the heart of the guarantee. They determine the actual benefits for the beneficiary and the risk exposure for the account party/principal debtor. For example, it is the clause that payment will be made on the beneficiarys first demandwithout any proof of default that renders this particular guarantee totally different from the traditional or accessory guarantee. On the other, aguarantee payable upon submission of an arbitral or court decision is in substance hardly different from the contract of accessory guarantee. While different as regards the degree of default, all conditions of payment share a common characteristic, namely their documentarynature. All of them require the submission of documents and the banks duty is confined to examining whether these documents comply with the documents prescribed in the guarantee. It is this documentary nature of the conditions of payment, which enables the bank to perform its function

The principle of independence and the documentary nature are two essential features of the independent guarantee, considered as fundamental principles in the international regulations relating to these guarantees. Part of the provisions of the new bill of trade law in Iranian law relates to independent guarantees. Previously, the Bank Bid Guideline had issued about warranty law that, of course, could not replace the law. In this paper, the provisions of the new trade Law of 6/10/90 and URDG 758 and UNCITRAL convention, referring to these two characteristics and the guidelines and its comparison with the provisions of them, concluded that, while the new bill on trade is inadequate, the provisions of the bill regarding the reference to the principle of independence and the documentary nature arent in full compliance with international regulations and need to be reviewed further. For this reason, it is necessary to use policies such as observing the fundamental principle of the governorship of voluntariness, considering the international aspects of the independent guarantees, and aligning with the international regulations.

Justice, defined as placing everything in its rightful place, is one of the highest human values and the fundamental basis of rights and ethics, prominently present in all aspects of life, including the family. This research aims to examine the nature of justice and its application in the family from an Islamic jurisprudential perspective, analyzing the concept of justice within the framework of ethics and Sharia. Justice, as a moral principle and a rightful characteristic, is central to the realization of rights and the sustainability of the family system. In this context, the concept of justice in the family, particularly regarding issues related to fairness among spouses, has been analyzed. The findings of this study indicate that, from an Islamic jurisprudential perspective, the implementation of justice in family relationships requires adherence to the financial, emotional, and ethical rights of family members. Furthermore, justice in polygamy necessitates adherence to specific conditions, which, due to social and ethical complexities, can be challenging to achieve. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method and contributes to strengthening the justice-oriented discourse in Islamic families.

In this research, "family functioning" of two groups of dependent and independent female students are compared. Research sample (using cluster sampling) were 180 third grade, female, scondary school students. Research insruments were Family Assessment Device (FAD) and Interpersonal-Dependency Inventory (IDI). Major research hypothesis was that "family functioning" of dependent and independent students in FAD and in all its subtests are different. Results indicated that dependent students, in communication, affective involvement, general functioning subtests, and in the total questionnaire had a lower family functioning. Following are the results of the other ther three hypotheses of the research: 1) More dependent students had lower family functioning in roles, emotional resposiveness, affective involvement, behavior control, and general functioning sub tests as well as the total questionnaire; 2) students with lower self-esteem had lower family functioning in emotional responsiveness, affective involvement, general functioning subtests, and also in the total questinnnaire; 3) students with lower autonomous assertion indicated difference only in "behavior control"

"Adult Social Education" is a normative-procedural issue through which the adults get to "rebuild and develop" new social roles in themselves and make the inconsistent positions and disagreeable functions compatible with achieving excellence and perfection. Imperfect prior training, permanent perfection seeking, the influence of natural tendencies on social acts and the inconsistency of some social roles are the problems whose solutions require paying attention to "Adult Social Education" In religious sources, several concepts have been suggested by which adult social training within the family may be developed. Some of them are: Reminding (the previous events and taking lessons from their strong and weak points), warning (of disasters, reckoning in hereafter and formal and informal social punishments) as well as inviting (the family members to follow the social values and the manners of coexistence and collaboration). These factors will be discussed in the present essay.

Objective: The treatment of autism, a long-term developmental neurological disorder, is controversial. Because of the increasing trend and the lack of a known cause in this area, the treatment is complicated; obscure development of the disorder is a fundamental issue for the parents of these children. Due to the nature of the disorder and involvement of long durations of treatment, various therapeutic methods are used. In addition to the present treatments, a cost-effective and effective treatment is nature therapy (Eco therapy). Therefore, we decided to study the effectiveness of family-centered nature therapy on children with autism spectrum disorder.Materials & Methods: A quasi-experimental (pre-test/post-test) study was conducted involving children with autism spectrum disorder (3-7 years old) who were referred to Tehran’s rehabilitation and therapeutic centers.Fourteen children with autism spectrum disorder were selected by an available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In each group, 7 children (6 boys and 1 girl) were placed.Ten therapeutic sessions were conducted in 3 months in the summer of 2017; each session was held for 3 hours (9 am to 12 pm) in the Nature School of Savan (located in Chitgar Forest Park) with the obligatory presence of parents (parents or at least one of them). To collect data, the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) and the Nature Therapy programs (based on the theoretical framework and relevant research findings) were used.The Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) consisting of four parts, speech / language / communication, socialization, sensory / cognitive awareness, and health / physical / behavior were scrutinized three times, i.e., before the start of the session, 10 days after the last session of education and three months after the last training session. Each family was followed up by the other families. The variables studied in this study were, family-centered nature therapy (independent variable) and autism spectrum disorder syndrome (dependent variable). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum scores) and inferential methods (Leven test to assess the assumption of the equation of error variances, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to examine the normal distribution of covariance analysis and to investigate the effect of test conditions on the dependent variable of the groups).Results: The results showed that the average score of the post-test for Autism Treatment increased in the experimental group (172.3±5.11) compared with the post-test for control (1.151±10.24), which was statistically significant.This showed that the nature therapy program brought an improvement in children with autism spectrum disorder. Also, the average follow-up scores (after 3 months) of the experimental group (173.91±12.02) indicated the efficacy of treatment. The results of covariance analysis indicated that the calculated F value (F=21.91) was highly significant (P<0.001), indicating the effectiveness of the experimental conditions on the dependent variable (improvement in syndrome).Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that family-centered nature therapy improved the syndrome in children with autism spectrum disorder. These children have shown remarkable progress, especially in the field of social and communication skills. Therefore, it is suggested that this type of treatment has positive, simple and accessible effects and can be used as a complementary method along with other treatments for these children.

This article aims to review the book “, Noam Chomsky: nature and language”, , edited by Adriana Belletti and Luigi Rizzi. Despite all the ups and downs during the past seven decades, generative grammar is still recognized as the dominant language studies approach, particularly in North America. In the course of this book, first, a general outline of generative grammar is introduced. It follows by roots of the generative theory language, its prospects, and the challenges ahead. It then continues with an interview with Noam Chomsky done by the editors of the volume, raising critical issues about generative linguistics and the future of the theory. This article includes an overview of theoretical linguistics, emphasizing the evolution of generative grammar. Next, the structure and content of the book are examined, followed by an evaluation of the appearance and content. At the end of the article, the overall view on this book is concluded.

Introduction: Divorced women who are independent from their families, compared to divorced women who are dependent on their families, may show strategies to deal with tension, adapt to divorce, and feel lonely. The present study aimed to compare divorce adjustment, coping with stress and loneliness feeling in independent and family-dependent divorced women. Methods: The method of present research is descriptive-comparative. The statistical population of this research included all the divorced women covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in Qom in 2019, from which 35 independent women and 35 women dependent on the family were selected through non-random and convenience sampling method. The research instruments included demographic questionnaire, "Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale", "Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations" and "Loneliness Scale". Content validity of the instruments were measured by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data was analyzed in SPSS. 24. Results: The results of the multivariate analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between divorce adjustment (P=0. 001, F=88. 09), task-oriented coping (P=0. 015, F=6. 22), emotion-oriented coping (P=0. 001, F=72. 9), avoidant-distracted coping (P=0. 001, F=11. 7) and loneliness feeling (P=0. 001, F=46. 5) between independent and family-dependent divorced women. Conclusions: Family-independent divorced women showed a higher score in task-oriented coping and a lower score in emotion-oriented and avoidant-distracted coping compared to family-dependent divorced women. Family-independent divorced women showed a higher score in the total score of divorce adjustment and a lower score in the total score of loneliness feeling compared to familydependent divorced women. Therefore, it is suggested to the officials of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation to implement training courses on coping strategies to reduce the feeling of loneliness and increase adaptation to divorce and the independence of divorced women dependent on the family.